“CHEMTRAILS”
AND
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
Submission in the European Parliament of written questions on
“chemtrails” by Dutch Socialist
deputy Erik Meijer will be seen as a positive development by some activists. Are
we witnessing the beginnings of a new phase in the years-long saga of this
aerosol-spraying activity, and of the stigmatized opposition to it?. (See the
present writer’s: “Climate
Change Jekylls and Hydes”). Meijer’s written questions, under the
heading “Aircraft condensation trails which no longer only contain water
but cause persistent milky veils, possibly due to the presence of barium and
aluminium”, are not the first such submission to have been tabled in a
European legislature: in 2005 the Democratic Left deputies Italo Sandi and Piero
Ruzzante raised similar questions in the Italian Parliament. More recently their
political associates Asimina Xirotiri and Fotis Kouvelis did the same in
Objectively Erik Meijer has greater margins for action. Working
inside the uncompleted institutions of the European Union, a citizen of one of
the two nations that delivered the death blow to the first attempt to impose a
politically unacceptable “constitution” on the European peoples, leading
member of an ex-Maoist political grouping now able to field twenty-five deputies
in the Dutch parliament, with one foot in such would-be institutionally
pioneering milieux as the Social Forums, Meijer could take advantage of the
political abdication of the European Commission, and the European political
class generally, on this terrible subject. He could turn it to the
benefit not only of the European
Parliament but also of the citizens’ movements seeking a voice inside and
outside the Social Forums. Not to mention of European integration generally. He
could be a hero.
So let’s look at his questions::
10 May 2007 |
|
|
WRITTEN QUESTION by Erik Meijer (GUE/NGL) to the Commission |
Subject: Aircraft condensation
trails which no longer only contain water but cause persistent milky
veils, possibly due to the presence of barium, aluminium and iron |
|
|
1. Is
the Commission aware that, since 1999, members of the public in Canada and
the USA have been complaining about the growing presence in the air of
aircraft condensation trails of a new type, which sometimes persist for
hours and which spread far more widely than in the past, creating milky
veils which are dubbed ‘aerial obscuration’, and that the new type has
particularly come to people’s attention because it is so different from
the short, pencil-thin white contrails which have been a familiar sight
ever since jet engines came into use and which remain visible for 20 minutes
at most and can only be produced if steam condenses on dust particles due
to low temperatures and high humidity? 2. Is
the Commission aware that investigations by these complainants,
observations by pilots and statements by government bodies increasingly
suggest that what is happening is that aircraft are emitting into dry air
small particles consisting of barium, aluminium and iron, a phenomenon
which in public debate in 3. Unlike
contrails, chemtrails are not an inevitable by-product of modern aviation.
Does the Commission know, therefore, what is the purpose of artificially
emitting these Earth-derived substances into the Earth’s atmosphere?
Does it help to cause rain, benefit telecommunications or combat climate
change? 4. To
what extent are aerial obscuration and chemtrails now also being employed
in the air over 5. Apart
from the intended benefits of emitting substances into the air, is the
Commission aware of any possible disadvantages it may have for the
environment, public health, aviation and TV reception? 6. What
is being done to prevent individual European states or businesses from
taking measures unilaterally whose cross-border impact other States or
citizens' organisations may regard as undesirable? Is coordination already
taking place with regard to this? Is the EU playing a part in it, or does
the Commission anticipate a future role, and what are the Commission's
objectives in this connection? |
Combating Climate Change
To start with the question of whether the spraying helps to combat
climate change.. This subject of climate change is so central to public
discussion today that one might imagine anything with a bearing on it would be given
similar high-profile treatment. Not
so with “chemtrails”. Extraordinary
efforts are made to try to persuade the public, against all the dictates of
common sense, that what are being seen in the sky all over the world are just
the condensation trails we have been familiar with since the beginning of
jet-propelled flight.
It can be
demonstrated that they are not but it is also worth pointing out that all
such demonstrations are countered not only by the official denials but also by
the arguments of single-minded and often fanatical internet “debunkers” of
varying levels of expertise. Though less known to the general public, these
“chemtrails debunkers” are no less relentless than their “climate change
sceptic” big brothers.. But their contrails vs chemtrails argument (an
argument probably best avoided) is conducted against a backdrop of undeniable
official proposals for the use of aircraft to “mitigate” the effects of
climate change, with documented corresponding existence of the
relevant patents. “Geoengineering” schemes of this kind were proposed
in a major study
of the
All this “geoengineering” aspect of the climate change problem is
systematically avoided by the climate change
mass movement that has grown up in recent years. The denial extends through
every level of the movement from former
There is a peculiar cohabitation of poker-faced denial among scientists
and politicians with a neurotic
media discussion of geoengineering in pseudo-light-hearted “science fiction”
mode (just look at what these mad scientists are up to). Virtually all relevant
scientists go along with the denial. To give just one recent example of the
thousands that could be cited: in response to a request for information on
geoengineering from Greek journalist Aliki Stefanou, Ken
Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution said: “I used to work in a nuclear
weapons lab and we were trying to get money to do geoengineering research. I
think if money was available for this purpose, we would have been able to obtain
some. The fact was that there was no money available.” When Aliki Stefanou
asked Caldeira whether, if and when proposed aerosol spraying programmes came to
be implemented, he thought they would, and/or should,
be implemented secretly or publicly, he said:
“I think that nearly all research should be public and certainly all
geoengineering research should be public. Secrets corrode democracy.”
Not an inevitable by-product of modern aviation
In his parliamentary questions Meijer makes the good point that that
chemtrails “are not an inevitable by-product of modern aviation”. In
the mid-90s Dan
Bodansky was one of the key writers discussing this from the perspective of
international law. Bodansky wrote: “The fact that geoengineering is an
intentional activity with global effects raises the issue of who should decide
whether to proceed. Should all countries be able to participate in decision
making since all will be affected and there will be both positive and negative
impacts? Also, how should liability and compensation for damages be
addressed?” Because no easy
answers to these questions seem to have been
forthcoming, and because, as
Bodansky put it: “existing international legal norms are…
unlikely to be a reliable guide to how the international community will
react if geoengineering schemes are seriously proposed” what seems to have
happened is that a decision was made to “play it by ear”, to proceed with
implementation of large-scale aerosol spraying and sort out the legality problem
“later”. Until such times as programmes can be legal, they “do not
exist”.
Any political system embarking on this road is asking for trouble because
the question arises of how the transition to this “later” legitimation or
normalization will be handled. “The rule of law” is a powerful ideological
component of present-day “advanced” societies. Is it possible to make a
transition from government by deceit to government through laws?
One method that can be tried, and is evidently being tried, is to allow
the passage of time, and generational change, to bring about the hoped-for
normalization. There is much discussion on the Internet of this aspect of “chemtrails”:
NASA enlists children in “Contrails
Count-a-Thon” campaigns. Journalistic justifications, in
“science-fiction” mode, proliferate. Children grow up habituated to such
discussions, and to the phenomenon itself, in their real-life experience, in
films, in advertising. Even in
schoolbooks, such as the book
mentioned by Will Thomas - published by Centre Point Learning Science and
entitled “Solutions for Global Warming”, which informs schoolchildren that
“Jet engines running on richer fuel would add particles to the atmosphere to
create a sunscreen”. (“Could we deliberately add particles to the
atmosphere?”)
There have been serious attempts at legalization of one form of
geoengineering, namely weather modification, by politicians whose motives are
anything but oppositional. In 2005 US Senator Kate Bailey Hutchinson proposed a
“Weather Modification Research and Development Policy Authorization Act”. It
did not eventuate finally because “the legal
and liability issues pertaining to weather modification, and the potential
adverse consequences on life, property, and water resource availability
resulting from weather modification activities, must be considered fully before
the U.S. Government could take responsibility” (for admitting that it is
actually engaged in any such activities).
Environmental
Repercussions of Aircraft Emissions
So
yes, chemtrails are not “an inevitable by-product of modern aviation”. If
one plans to make use of aircraft emissions for geoengineering purposes, how
then can one secure the support, or at least toleration, of the more militant
sections of the community, those least likely to be persuadable that massive
planetary-wide particle pollution to increase the “albedo” (reflectivity”)
of the earth’s atmosphere and reduce levels of incoming sunlight, is a
defensible option?
One
answer might be to start a campaign on the environmental repercussions of
aircraft emissions. As a participant in the mid-90s in an ultimately
unsuccessful attempt to establish a branch of Friends of the Earth in Greece, I
can confirm that at more or less the same time that large-scale aerosol spraying
operations appear to have got under way around the globe,
Friends of the Earth, internationally, embarked on what then looked like
an impossible campaign to fight commercial aviation.
Over a decade later the campaign has made more progress
than seemed likely then. And the anti-aircraft campaigners have a very radical
image. Take this quotation from a public speech by Tony
Juniper, director of Friends of the Earth in
This means the end of distant foreign holidays, unless
you are prepared to take a long time getting there. It means that business
meetings must take place over the internet or by means of video conferences. It
means that transcontinental journeys must be made by train or coach. It means
that journeys around the world must be reserved for visiting the people you
love, and that they will require both slow travel and the saving up of carbon
rations. It means the end of shopping trips to New York, parties in Ibiza,
second homes in Tuscany and, most painfully for me, political meetings in Porto
Alegre - unless you believe that these activities are worth the sacrifice of the
biosphere and the lives of the poor.”
The
extreme radicalism of this rhetoric could easily lead one to lose sight of the
fact that its subversive potential is much inferior to that of Erik Meijer’s
politely framed questions in the European Parliament. Ignoring factors of
intentionality versus non-intentionality of aircraft emissions, the militant
anti-aviation declarations effectively deflect attention not only from the
illegality of what may be surmised to be present governmental activities, but
also from the whole logic of geoengineering and thus from its appropriateness or
inappropriateness as a solution to climate change.
Sometimes the anti-aviation rhetoric can even look
suspiciously like collusion in the manufacture of divide-and-rule scenarios, of
incitement and provocation of global warming “sceptics”
and contrarians through the articulation of extremely radical conclusions
and proposals without correspondingly radical and comprehensive theoretical
justification. One gets the
contrarians foaming at the mouth, along with a ready-made mass constituency of
frequent flyers to back them up, without oneself putting forward the clinching
and unanswerable arguments (which certainly exist) that might silence the baying
mob one has helped to create.
In a characteristic article by the Australian contrarian journalist Andrew
Bolt, Monbiot is bracketed together with the Australian academic Tim
Flannery as examples of “hairshirt warming cultists” who should, because of
their views on climate change, be banned from travelling by air. But what does
Tim Flannery say about aviation? “Transport accounts
for around a third of global carbon dioxide emissions. Transport by land
and sea can easily be powered in ways that emit less carbon dioxide and the
technologies to achieve this either already exist or are on the horizon. Air
transport, however, is fast growing and not likely to be fuelled by anything but
fossil fuels. Thankfully, jet contrails contribute to global dimming, so it may
be just as well that the jets keep flying long after wind-powered and
solar-powered ships and compressed-air cars monopolize surface transport” (Tim
Flannery: The Weather Makers, pp. 282-283)
Flannery,
in other words, implicitly if not openly, a supporter of “chemtrails” and of
geoengineering. It is not necessary to enter into a discussion of which of the
two – Flannery or Monbiot - is
more or less of a hypocrite or has more or less inadequate or one-sided views.
Both of them present a powerful analysis of climate change and then subvert it
by choosing to tell less than the whole story. By doing this they leave open a
loophole for the debunkers and the “sceptics” to present them both as
“Chicken Littles”. Flannery is
bold or deluded enough to support geoengineering and/or “chemtrails” as a
hypothetical future prospect. But he will not embrace it as a present reality to
which he gives his informed consent.. Monbiot is in even deeper denial about the
evident present reality of “chemtrails”. Both
engage in sterile arguments with contrarians and debunkers instead of initiating
the dialogue that SHOULD be being heard by the public: their dialogue with each
other about the acceptability or unacceptability of geoengineering, and even
more specifically about whether aircraft emissions have a warming (Monbiot) or a
cooling (Flannery) effect. The
Europarliamentarian Erik Meijer could be a catalyst for such a dialogue, but so
far no-one gives any sign of knowing about his questions, or the European
Commission’s “answer” to them.
Global
Dimming
Another
example of shriekingly radical climate change discussion on bogus foundations is
provided by the 2005 BBC
Horizon documentary on Global Dimming.. Focusing
on the phenomenon of declining levels of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface
in recent years, (between the 1950s and the early 1990s the level of solar
energy reaching the earth's surface dropped 9% in Antarctica, 10% in the USA,
almost 30% in Russia, 16% in parts of the British Isles)
the programme again studiously avoids mention of geoengineering,
attributing the rise in aerosol levels in the earth’s atmosphere, with
subsequent global dimming, to some
unspecified “air pollution” from industrial activity and the burning of
fossil fuels, including in aviation.
“Perhaps
the most alarming aspect of global dimming” says the programme script “is
that it may have led scientists to underestimate the true power of the
greenhouse effect….. it now appears the warming from greenhouse gases has been
offset by a strong cooling effect from dimming - in effect two of our pollutants
have been cancelling each other out. This means that the climate may in fact be
more sensitive to the greenhouse effect than thought..”
The
strongest warning in the programme on the implications of global dimming
(including perhaps the clearest, though still veiled, hints on the factor of
deliberate intervention, or “geoengineering”) comes from the climate
scientist Peter Cox: “If we carry on pumping out
particles it will have terrible impact on human health, I mean particles
are involved in all sorts of respiratory diseases…. If you, if you fiddle with
the, the balance of the planet, the radiative balance of the planet, you affect
all sorts of circulation patterns like monsoons….. it will be extremely
difficult, in fact impossible, to cancel out the greenhouse effect just by
carrying on pumping out particles, even if it wasn't for the fact that particles
are damaging for human health.”
The
programme relies heavily for its effect on the proposition that “dimming was
behind the droughts in sub-Saharan
The
climate modeller Gavin
Schmidt, in no way a climate change “sceptic”, queried the plausibility
of this thesis, saying that: “The argument that (global dimming) would lead to
huge re-assessments of future global warming, that it was linked very clearly to
the famines in Ethiopia, in the 1980s, with the implication that worse is to
come, is horribly premature. The suggested ‘doubling’ of the rate of warming
in the future compared to even the most extreme scenario developed by IPCC is
highly exaggerated. Supposed consequences such as the drying up of the
Most
of the scientists who appeared on the programme proved willing to discuss its
style and content and most expressed similar, though more nuanced, objections.
Beate Liepert said that “during the research process for the documentary I
repeatedly raised my concerns about linking the indirect effect and the
In a
message to Gavin Schmidt, the programme’s producer David Sington said: “I
want to refute the notion that Peter Cox, or any other scientist taking part in
this or in any other of the films I have made, was "mugged" with trick
questions and made to seem to say things he does not believe. …. Dr Schmidt's
suggestion is a serious libel (tantamount to accusing a scientist of falsifying
his or her data). “The Horizon film” he concluded “was seen by 3.5 million
viewers (representing about 7% of the adult population of the
From
the communications of a number of individuals on both sides of the “climate
change” debate it is clear that following the screening of the programme to
such a large audience, David Sington was deluged with e-mails from British
people concerned about “chemtrails” and/or geoengineering. It is equally
clear that he was absolutely determined to keep his distance from the
“conspiracy theorists”, even boasting about this to a climate change
contrarian who wrote to him to complain about the Global Dimming programme’s
sensationalism and “bias”. Having taken receipt of Sington’s ingratiating
reply, the contrarian then leaked their private correspondence onto the
Internet. Sington could not have been pleased about this. Could he have avoided
all these problems by making a different documentary: less sensationalistic,
more truthful, more adequate?
Stavros
Dimas
Erik
Meijer’s questions in the European Parliament were
answered on behalf of the Commission by Environmental Commissioner Stavros
Dimas. A Greek conservative
politician with a Wall Street and World Bank background, Dimas has nevertheless,
in particular through his standing feud with Enterprise and Industry
Commissioner Guenter Verheugen, acquired a reputation of being relatively
sympathetic to the objectives of the environmental movement. In one of his first
speeches to the European Parliament as Environmental Commissioner he identified
his policy priorities as climate change, biodiversity, public health and
sustainability. The Greens and the
left-wing GUE/NGL (Erik Meijer’s grouping) opposed his appointment, calling
him “incompetent”, but the Greens later changed position and in recent years
they have co-operated with Dimas on environmental issues.
In
December 2004 at UN climate change talks in Buenos Aires Dimas attempted to
negotiate a new system of mandatory emissions reductions to
follow the expiration of the initial
Let us
examine Commissioner Dimas’ answers to Erik Meijer:
To
Meijer’s first question of whether the Commission is aware of the questions
the public is asking, Dimas replied: “The
Commission is aware of claims that such trends and phenomena exist. However, the
Commission is not aware of any evidence substantiating such claims. The extent
to which aircraft condensation trails form and the speed at which they disappear
are in the first instance determined by pressure, temperature, and the relative
humidity of a given flight level. Fuel and combustion properties and the overall
propulsive efficiency may also have an impact. Any changes or trends in the
extent to which contrails are reported to remain visible and develop into more
widespread clouds may thus be due to factors such as changes in
-
meteorological conditions
-
traffic volumes
-
jet-engine efficiency”
To
the second question about the content of what were being called “chemtrails”
, Dimas replied: “The Commission is aware of such claims but is not aware of
any evidence that particles of barium, aluminium or iron are being emitted,
deliberately or not, by aircraft.”
To
the third question of whether the
spraying helps
to cause rain, benefit telecommunications or combat climate change, the reply
was: “No. It cannot be precluded that the
release of such particles might affect precipitation and climate change, but as
indicated above the Commission is not aware of any evidence that such releases
take place.”
To
the fourth question on whether “chemtrails” are now being employed in Europe
the reply was: “The Commission is not aware of any evidence that such methods
are being employed in
To
the fifth question on possible disadvantages of the spraying, the Commissioner
replied: “None of the substances referred to are hazardous per se, but some
effects on environment and public health can not be ruled out if large scale
releases to the air occurred.”
To
the sixth question on whether the European Union is co-ordinating action to
prevent unilateral actions with cross-border impact, Stavros Dimas said: “The
Commission is not aware of any evidence suggesting that there is any reason to
act.”
Rosalind
Peterson’s comments
So far
the only comments available on Dimas’ reply to Erik Meijer are those made by
the Californian farm activist Rosalind
Peterson. Arguably the most
effective “realpolitiker” amongst the chemtrails opponents, Peterson has
adopted a tactic of avoiding the term “chemtrail” and ignoring distinctions
between “accidental” airline emissions and the “deliberate” use of
aircraft emissions for geoengineering purposes. What this amounts to of course
is ignoring the most likely reasons for the strategy of avoidance and deceit
practised by governments. But it is a tactic that appears to have paid off,
insofar as Rosalind Peterson has been
invited to speak in September 2007 to a United Nations meeting of
Non-Governmental Organizations in
Peterson’s comments on Meijer’s submission and the Dimas response to
it on behalf of the European Commission are instilled with the same spirit of
“realism”, realism in this instance meaning concentrating on playing the
game more effectively on the terms that Dimas and the Commission require.
To Dimas’s explanation for the formation of
long-lasting condensation trails, Rosalind Peterson says: “This is the
standard answer and lets them off the hook. You have to ask why NASA is
making statements in their reports and studies which show that persistent
jet contrails turn into man-made clouds, that exacerbate global warming,
increase earth's cloudiness, affect natural resources and change our climate.
Face them with real documents, etc. Then they can't squeeze out with
the usual stories and explanations.”
To Dimas’ assertion that
the Commission is “not aware of any evidence that particles of barium,
aluminium or iron are being emitted, deliberately or not, by aircraft”,
Peterson says: “What we can prove are the spikes in drinking water supplies.
And we can also prove that these chemicals are being used by NASA in atmospheric
heating and testing experiments.”
To Dimas’ assertion that “none of the substances
referred to are hazardous per se, but some effects on environment and public
health can not be ruled out if large scale releases to the air occurred”
Peterson says “increasing acid rains combined with aluminum can kill trees,
which can't absorb the nutrients and water through the root systems once
aluminum is found in the roots. They look as if they are dying of
drought.”
Rosalind Peterson argues that Dimas’ positions can be
countered “just by the facts on jet
fuel emissions alone, the nitric acid which reduces the beneficial ozone layer,
the fact that NASA states they exacerbate global warming..”
But this displacement of focus from “geoengineering” to the aircraft
emissions debate if anything strengthens the credentials of Commissioner Dimas,
who after all acknowledges an aircraft emissions problem. What he is not
prepared to acknowledge is his own compromise with scenarios in which aircraft
emissions are seen not as a problem: a contributing factor to global warming,
but as a SOLUTION, a way of mitigating global warming..
When Erik Meijer mentions “intended benefits of emitting substances
into the air” (in a context of also mentioning “disadvantages”), he is
apparently trying to offer a “sweetener” to Commissioner Dimas, to assist
him in “coming clean” about some hypothetical
“real attitudes” the Commissioner might have. (“We are not going to
be overly censorious,” Meijer seems to be implying, “just tell us what you
are trying to do.”)
Rosalind
Peterson will have none of this nonsense.
“What benefits are we talking about, and for what?” she says: .“Let
them prove any benefits.” She then lists some disadvantages: “How about bee
health: without them no flowers, tree crops, agriculture crop production will be
cut. How about lack of photosynthesis? We can talk about what impacts the
lack of sunlight is creating for human health, such as rickets. Depression
can be caused (SAD) by a lack of sunlight.”
Rosalind
Peterson’s stance of “let them prove any benefits” may seem more
tough-minded, but there is an alternative and not necessarily less tough-minded
view which would see the attitude of Stavros Dimas and the Commission as
amounting to political abdication. Faced by the task of political management of
a programme that has chosen to go ahead without first acquiring legal cover they
can see no solution for themselves other than to continue forever to lie about
it. Even generational turnover, and the coming to maturity of young people accustomed
to the sight of chemtrails, in the sky and on the media, will not solve their
problem, which at some point must be tackled at the level of words, ideas,
concepts, not just images.
p.s.
Erik Meijer’s view of the Commission’s reply to his questions
While writing this article we received mediated news from Erik Meijer
that “chemtrails are not his priority” and that he “cannot say anything serious about the answer of the Commission, because he
has no serious information.” What
this amounts to is further
confirmation of the tendency already noted with other parliamentary politicians
to drop the chemtrails issue when confronted by official stonewalling, either at
national governmental level, or as now, from the European Commission. The fact
is that so far no politicians have been elected to office on the strength of
their stance on chemtrails, a fact which could well raise in any politician’s
mind the question “how many votes
are there in this for me”? It is probably worthwhile trying to get some
chemtrails politicians elected. But at the same time there should, in
WE THE
PEOPLE of the United States of America, pursuant to the Bill of Rights,
Amendment One, which gives the right of the American people to petition the
United States government for a redress of grievances, hereby state the
following:
WHEREAS, unmarked aircraft are daily painting American skies with bio-hostile
substances; and
WHEREAS, aircraft which carry no identifying markings can not be identified as
American and are, therefore, presumed to be hostile aircraft; and
WHEREAS, these unmarked aircraft have been proven to be emitting substances
which drift to the ground and are hostile to the health and well-being of
American citizens;
THEREFORE, it is concluded that Americans are, and have been for years, under
attack and have become the victims of BIOCHEMICAL WARFARE.
FURTHER, the United States government has allowed, and is continuing to allow,
these unidentified aircraft to release harmful substances over American soil,
which have been proven harmful to the American people; and
WHEREAS, the United States government has neither satisfactorily explained nor
proffered any compelling reason(s) why it is in the interests of the United
States government to allow harm to the majority of its people with these
disease-producing, potentially lethal emissions; and
WHEREAS, when asked about the situation, the United States government has
engaged in evasion, deception, and stonewalling the American people in their
pursuit of the truth of this matter.
THEREFORE, it is presumed that the aircraft either belong to the United States
government and are operating under the direct command and with full knowledge of
the United States government or, in the alternative, the United States
government has knowingly and willfully conspired with an outside, hostile group
to allow harm to American citizens.
THEREFORE, it appearing that the United States government is violating numerous
rights of its citizens and in so doing is in a state of treason against its
citizens, it is up to the American people to exercise their rights and hold the
United States government accountable for its actions or inactions, as the case
may be.
CONSEQUENTLY, the people of the United States of America declare the following,
TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT: Pursuant to the Bill of Rights, Amendment One,
we, the people of the United States, declare that we are grieved over the
presence of "chemtrails" in the airspace over the United States and
hereby petition the United States government to take immediate action to cease
all chemtrail activity in the airspace over the United States of America.
We, the People, further DEMAND an immediate, thorough and honest investigation
into what the substance called "chemtrails" actually consists of and
discover the true purpose of spraying
Sincerely,
The
Undersigned
--------------------------
W. Hall, Aigina,